<p>To count vowels and consonants in Java, you can iterate through a string and check each character. By using conditional statements, you can check if a character is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a consonant (any other alphabetic character). This can be done with the help of the charAt() method to access each character in the string. Writing a program to count vowels and consonants in Java helps improve your understanding of loops, conditionals, and string manipulation.</p>